Hinweis: Auf eine Befragung der AfD haben wir verzichtet - und stattdessen ihre Positionierung zur Landwirtschaft aus ihrem Europawahlprogramm und dem Grundsatzprogramm der Partei herausgearbeitet. Das Ergebnis ist hier nachzulesen.

https://www.bioland.de/wahlpruefsteine

Bioland: EU-Parlament gentechnikfreundlich

https://www.bioland-fachmagazin.de/news/detail/eu-parlament-gentechnikfreundlich

POINT NEWSLETTER NR. 262 - Aktuelle Biotechnologie

https://www.scienceindustries.ch/_file/35850/point-2024-04-262-d.pdf

ombudsman: Entscheidung darüber, wie die Europäische Kommission mit Bedenken umgegangen ist, wie sie eine

Folgenabschätzung von „neuen genomischen Techniken“ in Bezug auf die Anwendung der EU-Rechtsvorschriften über genetisch veränderte Organismen durchgeführt hat (Rechtssache 346/2023/MIK)

https://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/de/decision/de/185032

Zienkiewicz M. CFIA Confirms Gene Edited Plants in Livestock Feed are Safe, Industry Applauds the Move

CFIA Confirms Gene Edited Plants in Livestock Feed are Safe, Industry Applauds the Move

https://www.seedworld.com/canada/2024/05/03/cfia-confirms-gene-edited-plants-in-livestock-feed-are-safe-industry-applauds-the-move/

https://inspection.canada.ca/animal-health/livestock-feeds/regulatory-guidance/rg-1/chapter-2/eng/1329298059609/1329298179464?chap=6#s29c6

Only some selected press releases or media reports are listed here. The daily up-date of the press releases and media reports are ►here: April week 17 /May week 18

Publications – Publikationen

Gould, S.I. 2024): Prime editing sensors enable multiplexed genome editing.

Nat Rev Genet | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-024-00737-7

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41576-024-00737-7

Husaini A.M. & Sohail M. (2024): Agrochemical-free genetically modified and genome-edited crops – towards a ‘greener’

green revolution and achieving the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals. Journal of Biotechnology | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.04.015

Sustainable farming on ever-shrinking agricultural land and declining water resources for the growing human population is one of the greatest environmental and food security challenges of the 21^st century. Conventional, age-old organic farming practices alone, and foods based on costly cellular agriculture, do not have the potential to be upscaled to meet the food supply challenges for feeding large populations. Additionally, agricultural practices relying on chemical inputs have a well-documented detrimental impact on human health and the environment. As the available farming methods have reached their productivity limits, new approaches to agriculture, combining friendly, age-old farming practices with modern technologies that exclude chemical interventions, are necessary to address the food production challenges. Growing genetically modified (GM) crops without chemical inputs can allow agricultural intensification with reduced adverse health and environmental impacts. Additionally, integrating high-value pleiotropic genes in their genetic improvement coupled with the use of modern agricultural technologies, like robotics and artificial intelligence (AI), will further improve productivity. Such ‘organic-GM’ crops will offer consumers healthy, agrochemical-free GM produce. We believe these agricultural practices will lead to the beginning of a potentially new chemical-free GM agricultural revolution in the era of Agriculture 4.0 and help meet the targets of the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Furthermore, given the advancement in the genome editing (GE) toolbox, we ought to develop a new category of ‘trait-reversible GM crops’ to avert the fears of those who believe in ecological damage by GM crops. Thus, in this article, we advocate farming with no or minimal chemical use by combining chemical-free organic farming with the existing biofortified and multiple stress tolerant GM crops, while focusing on the development of novel ‘biofertilizer-responsive GE crops’ and ‘trait-reversible GE crops’ for the future.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168165624001202

Singh, A., Smedley, G.D., Rose, JG. et al. (2024): A high efficiency precision genome editing method with CRISPR in iPSCs.

Sci Rep 14, 9933 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-60766-4

The use of genetic engineering to generate point mutations in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is essential for studying a specific genetic effect in an isogenic background. We demonstrate that a combination of p53 inhibition and pro-survival small molecules achieves a homologous recombination rate higher than 90% using Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) in human iPSCs. Our protocol reduces the effort and time required to create isogenic lines.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-60766-4

Kumar S., Singh A., Bist C.M.B., Munish Sharma M. (2024): Advancements in genetic techniques and functional genomics for

enhancing crop traits and agricultural sustainability Briefings in Functional Genomics, elae017, | https://doi.org/10.1093/bfgp/elae017

Genetic variability is essential for the development of new crop varieties with economically beneficial traits. The traits can be inherited from wild relatives or induced through mutagenesis. Novel genetic elements can then be identified and new gene functions can be predicted. In this study, forward and reverse genetics approaches were described, in addition to their applications in modern crop improvement programs and functional genomics. By using heritable phenotypes and linked genetic markers, forward genetics searches for genes by using traditional genetic mapping and allele frequency estimation. Despite recent advances in sequencing technology, omics and computation, genetic redundancy remains a major challenge in forward genetics. By analyzing close-related genes, we will be able to dissect their functional redundancy and predict possible traits and gene activity patterns. In addition to these predictions, sophisticated reverse gene editing tools can be used to verify them, including TILLING, targeted insertional mutagenesis, gene silencing, gene targeting and genome editing. By using gene knock-down, knock-up and knock-out strategies, these tools are able to detect genetic changes in cells. In addition, epigenome analysis and editing enable the development of novel traits in existing crop cultivars without affecting their genetic makeup by increasing epiallelic variants. Our understanding of gene functions and molecular dynamics of various biological phenomena has been revised by all of these findings. The study also identifies novel genetic targets in crop species to improve yields and stress tolerances through conventional and non-conventional methods. In this article, genetic techniques and functional genomics are specifically discussed and assessed for their potential in crop improvement.

https://academic.oup.com/bfg/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/bfgp/elae017/7659425?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false

Ahmed, M.S., Majeed, A., Attia, K.A. et al. (2024): Country-wide, multi-location trials of Green Super Rice lines for yield

performance and stability analysis using genetic and stability parameters. Sci Rep 14, 9416 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55510-x

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important member of the family Poaceae and more than half of world population depend for their dietary nutrition on rice. Rice cultivars with higher yield, resilience to stress and wider adaptability are essential to ensure production stability and food security. The fundamental objective of this study was to identify higher-yielding rice genotypes with stable performance and wider adaptability in a rice growing areas of Pakistan. A triplicate RCBD design experiment with 20 Green Super Rice (GSR) advanced lines was conducted at 12 rice growing ecologies in four Provinces of Pakistan. Grain yield stability performance was assessed by using different univariate and multivariate statistics. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes, locations, and G x E interaction for mean squares (p < 0.05) of major yield contributing traits. All the studied traits except for number of tillers per plant revealed higher genotypic variance than environmental variance. Broad sense heritability was estimated in the range of 44.36% to 98.60%. Based on ASV, ASI, bi, Wi², σ²_i and WAAS statistics, the genotypes G1, G4, G5, G8, G11 and G12 revealed lowest values for parametric statistics and considered more stable genotypes based on paddy yield. The additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model revealed significant variation (p < 0.05) for genotypes, non-signification for environment and highly significant for G × E interaction. The variation proportion of PC1 and PC2 from interaction revealed 67.2% variability for paddy yield. Based on ‘mean verses stability analysis of GGE biplot’, ‘Which-won-where’ GGE Biplot, ‘discriminativeness vs. representativeness’ pattern of stability, ‘IPCA and WAASB/GY’ ratio-based stability Heat-map, and ranking of genotypes, the genotypes G1, G2, G3, G5, G8, G10, G11 and G13 were observed ideal genotypes with yield potential more than 8 tons ha⁻¹. Discriminativeness vs. representativeness’ pattern of stability identifies two environments, E5 (D.I Khan, KPK) and E6 (Usta Muhammad, Baluchistan) were best suited for evaluating genotypic yield performance. Based on these findings we have concluded that the genotypes G1, G2, G3, G5, G8, G10, G11 and G13 could be included in the commercial varietal development process and future breeding program.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-55510-x

Rojas-Vásquez, R., Hernández-Soto, A., Arrieta-Espinoza, G., Gatica-Arias, A. (2024): CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing in

Indica Rice (Oryza sativa L. subsp. indica var. CR-5272). In: Maghuly, F. (eds) Plant Functional Genomics. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2788. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3782-1_15

Tissue culture optimization protocols limit indica rice breeding. Such a challenge is vital because emergent techniques still rely on tissue culture methods and could allow the breeding of new varieties with higher production and toleration of adverse environmental effects caused by climate change. Genome editing technology, using CRISPR/Cas9, is a fast and precise method for accelerated plant breeding. It limited its use in indica subspecies because of the recalcitrant response to in vitro culture methods. This chapter describes a protocol for CRISPR/Cas9 editing in indica subspecies, specifically in the CR-5272 variety derived from parental lines IR-822, using Agrobacterium tumefaciens and biolistic transformation.

https://link.springer.com/protocol/10.1007/978-1-0716-3782-1_15

Liu, M., Zhang, X., Xu, W. et al. (2024): Efficient and precise genomic deletion in rice using enhanced prime editing.

aBIOTECH | https://doi.org/10.1007/s42994-024-00153-9

Efficient and precise genomic deletion shows promise for investigating the function of proteins in plant research and enhancing agricultural traits. In this study, we tested the PRIME-Del (PDel) strategy using a pair of prime editing guide RNAs (pegRNAs) that targeted opposite DNA strands and achieved an average deletion efficiency of 55.8% for 60 bp fragment deletions at six endogenous targets. Moreover, as high as 84.2% precise deletion efficiency was obtained for a 2000 bp deletion at the OsGS1 site in transgenic rice plants. To add the bases that were unintentionally deleted between the two nicking sequences, we used the PDel/Syn strategy, which introduced multiple synonymous base mutations in the region that had to be patched in the RT template. The PDel/Syn strategy achieved an average of 58.1% deletion efficiency at six endogenous targets, which was higher than the PDel strategy. The strategies presented in this study contribute to achieving more accurate and flexible deletions in transgenic rice plants.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42994-024-00153-9

Tanveer M., Abidin Z. U., Alawadi H.F.N., Shahzad A.N. et al. (2024): Recent advances in genome editing strategies for

balancing growth and defence in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum). Functional Plant Biology 51, FP24036 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP24036

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) has gained more attention worldwide in recent decades because of its importance as a bioenergy resource and in producing table sugar. However, the production capabilities of conventional varieties are being challenged by the changing climates, which struggle to meet the escalating demands of the growing global population. Genome editing has emerged as a pivotal field that offers groundbreaking solutions in agriculture and beyond. It includes inserting, removing or replacing DNA in an organism’s genome. Various approaches are employed to enhance crop yields and resilience in harsh climates. These techniques include zinc finger nuclease (ZFN), transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/associated protein (CRISPR/Cas). Among these, CRISPR/Cas is one of the most promising and rapidly advancing fields. With the help of these techniques, several crops like rice (Oryza sativa), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), maize (Zea mays), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and sugarcane have been improved to be resistant to viral diseases. This review describes recent advances in genome editing with a particular focus on sugarcane and focuses on the advantages and limitations of these approaches while also considering the regulatory and ethical implications across different countries. It also offers insights into future prospects and the application of these approaches in agriculture.

https://www.publish.csiro.au/FP/FP24036

Vizjak, P., Kamp, D., Hepp, N. et al. (2024): ISWI catalyzes nucleosome sliding in condensed nucleosome arrays.

Nat Struct Mol Biol | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-024-01290-x

How chromatin enzymes work in condensed chromatin and how they maintain diffusional mobility inside remains unexplored. Here we investigated these challenges using the Drosophila ISWI remodeling ATPase, which slides nucleosomes along DNA. Folding of chromatin fibers did not affect sliding in vitro. Catalytic rates were also comparable in- and outside of chromatin condensates. ISWI cross-links and thereby stiffens condensates, except when ATP hydrolysis is possible. Active hydrolysis is also required for ISWI’s mobility in condensates. Energy from ATP hydrolysis therefore fuels ISWI’s diffusion through chromatin and prevents ISWI from cross-linking chromatin. Molecular dynamics simulations of a ‘monkey-bar’ model in which ISWI grabs onto neighboring nucleosomes, then withdraws from one before rebinding another in an ATP hydrolysis-dependent manner, qualitatively agree with our data. We speculate that monkey-bar mechanisms could be shared with other chromatin factors and that changes in chromatin dynamics caused by mutations in remodelers could contribute to pathologies.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41594-024-01290-x

OECD (2024): Framework for Anticipatory Governance of Emerging Technologies. OECD Science, Technology and Industry

Policy Papers, No. 165, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/0248ead5-en.

Sunday Evening News 374 Week 18-2024

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